Parking as a Travel Demand Management:

Abstract

Parking facilities are critical in controlling traffic congestion and travel behavior. The fundamental cause for parking cruising is an imbalance between local parking demand and supply availability, and drivers avoid parking too far from their destination. Therefore, behavioral aspects of parking are an important element to address. Spatial competition between parking garages is a key feature in dense urban districts, and optimal parking policy is necessary to manage it.Parking facilities significantly impact travel behavior, particularly increasing car use for work or vice versa. Factors like fees, comfort, and walking time influence usage, studies show that cruising for parking shortens traffic flow. In our study area assessing and managing parking models for various parking issues for different land uses can help reduce private vehicle usage & traffic congestion as well help achieve sustainable transportation. The study's goal is to modify parking policies as a travel demand management Tool in order to enhance the utilization of public transportation while decreasing private car usage by efficiently handling parking challenges. Many cities across the world have used a variety of parking demand management systems, allowing them to remove lakhs of parking places without reducing personal automobile usage and ownership. Indore's old city is severely crowded due to small streets, old housing constructions, local marketplaces, and a dense urban fabric dominated by commercial activity. Parking facilities in such places may be managed using an integrated model of TDM parking and traffic congestion. Additionally, behavior decision models for scenarios of parking pricing & PT utilization are analyzed to induce travellers to use public transportation instead of their cars promoting sustainable urban transportation, which may also cope up environmental issues like AQI of the area & noise pollution. The availability of parking supply for study area, total trip attraction for each establishments & PT accessibility are analyzed to understand the demand dynamics. The supply therefore can be reduced via. Availability of good PT and by finding the right balance between parking demand & supply. The study further analyzes AGC for private & public vehicles to reduce dependency on private vehicles and increase ridership of public transportation. To make the system more flexible and efficient, improvements have been made to parking norms both Parking as a Travel Demand Management Tool: A case of Indore on-street and off-street while taking into account all geographic elements such as local transportation facility, walkability, land use density, neighboring parking lot facility, and so on. Parking pricing are imposed with respect to trip attraction density in all TAZ and progressive demand responsive pricing dynamics are devised in detail for each TAZ. Also other policy recommendation & Norm adjustments are proposed to reduce demand in study area. Management models are also proposed along with enforcement. Thesis study has examined the impact of implementing the same tactics of supply caps, demand reduction, maximums, pricing, workplace fees, residential licenses, etc. in Indian City, Indore. The thesis focuses on parking management using fees, regulations, mix of flexible parking requirements, various push & pull incentives across all land uses in the city, with a special emphasis on residential, commercial, and public-semi-public sectors. Parking has always been promoted by our traditional norms, which act as an invisible force in increasing private car ownership and use. The primary goal is to use parking as a tactic to discourage automobile usage, increase public transportation ridership, and further manage overall travel demand in the city using parking policy modifications thereby promoting liveable spaces, affordable housing and congestion free city centers by contributing to SDG 11, which targets providing access to safe, affordable, accessible & Sustainable transport systems for all, Improving road safety, notablyby expanding PT as well as by reducing Environmental Impact.